Useful docs for understanding Azure’s global infrastructure can be found here
Azure Regions
A region is a set of datacenters deployed within a latency-defined perimeter and connected through a dedicated regional low-latency network.
With more global regions than any other cloud provider, Azure gives customers the flexibility to deploy applications where they need to. Azure is generally available in 53 regions around the world, with plans announced for 7 additional regions.
Geographies
A geography is a discrete market, typically containing two or more regions, that preserves data residency and compliance boundaries.
Geographies allow customers with specific data-residency and compliance needs to keep their data and applications close. Geographies are fault-tolerant to withstand complete region failure through their connection to our dedicated high-capacity networking infrastructure.
Availability Zones
Availability Zones are physically separate locations within an Azure region. Each Availability Zone is made up of one or more datacenters equipped with independent power, cooling, and networking.
Availability Zones allow customers to run mission-critical applications with high availability and low-latency replication.
What is resiliency in Azure?
Comprehensive set of native business continuity solutions, providing high availability, disaster recovery, and backup to protect your mission critical applications and data.
High availability
Maintaining acceptable continuous performance despite temporary failures in services, hardware, datacenters, or fluctuations in load
Disaster recovery
Protection against loss of an entire region through asynchronous replication for failover of virtual machines and data using services such as Azure Site Recovery and geo-redundant storage (GRS)
Backup
Replication of virtual machines and data to one or more regions using Azure Backup.
Blast radius
The radius of protection for applications and data. For example, Availability Sets protect applications within a datacenter, and Availability Zones protect applications and data in an Azure region
Data residency boundary
Two regions that share the same regulatory requirements for data replication and storage for the country or region in which they operate.
ISO-22301 Certification
Azure is certified under the first international standard to demonstrate the ability to prevent, mitigate, respond to and recover from disruptive incidents.
More Links for furthur reading
Azure Architecture Center - Guidance for architecting solutions on Azure using established patterns and practices.
Azure resiliency solutions - Build with confidence with high availability, disaster recovery, and backup
Azure Availability Zones - High availability for your most demanding mission-critical applications and data
Azure regions - Azure has more global regions than any other cloud provider—offering the scale needed to bring applications closer to users around the world, preserving data residency, and offering comprehensive compliance and resiliency options for customers.